Why put your life insurance policy in trust?
Life insurance and trusts
A trust is a legal arrangement that enables you to transfer your ownership of assets like money or property to another person or group of people. As the creator of the trust you are known as the ‘settlor’ and the people you appoint to run it are the ‘trustees’. They become responsible for the way the asset is managed and how its proceeds are distributed.
Trusts are used for lots of reasons and these are some of the most common ones:
- To protect family assets like property or businesses
- To look after the finances of children
- To take care of financial matters for someone who is unable to do it themselves
- To minimise the payment of tax when passing on money and property after death
Why put life insurance in trust?
A life insurance policy is a financial asset, just like a house or savings, which means it can be placed in trust like any other asset of value. Putting yours in trust brings several benefits, the most obvious being the way it lessens or removes the obligation on your beneficiaries to pay tax on the money they receive. It also gives you more control over how the money will be used and can speed up the payout.
How to put life insurance in trust
Setting it up
You’ll need to find people to act as trustees. Their role is to keep an eye on the policy while the premiums are being paid, review it periodically and distribute the money from the eventual payout exactly as you’ve instructed. It’s a responsible position so anyone you approach must be aware of their duties. They may not need to have any legal knowledge but they should be organised and reliable. Many people choose family members or trusted friends but an alternative is to appoint a professional, such as a solicitor or financial adviser. If you do this, they will usually charge a fee for their services.
The trust deed
The trust is governed by a single document – the deed. This contains your instructions on how the trust will work, who the trustees are, what their duties will be and how the proceeds will be distributed if you pass away. The term ‘deed’ simply means it’s a document that must be in writing rather than just a verbal agreement.
Putting life insurance in trust: step-by-step
Putting your life insurance policy in trust may sound like a complicated operation and it’s easy to be discouraged. It might be helpful to break it down into a simple point-by-point guide.
Advice: Get professional advice, because, for most of us, setting up a trust is unknown territory.
Trustees: Choose your trustees carefully, making sure they understand their responsibilities before they accept.
Trust deed: It’s advisable to create this with the help of a paralegal, solicitor or financial adviser.
Execution: The deed is executed by the policyholder and the trustees signing the document.
Assignment: This is the transfer of ownership of the policy from the policyholder to the trust, using a trust form.
Review: During the life of the policy the trustees should review it from time to time to make sure it is still sufficient to fulfil the purposes for which it was created.
The effects of putting a life insurance policy in trust
Ownership of the policy
Ownership of the policy passes from you to the trust. That doesn’t mean the trustees own it – they are simply caretaking it. The transfer of ownership is a fairly straightforward process, using a trust form that your insurer can provide. Although you may still be paying the premiums, the policy is no longer yours, which means it doesn’t form part of your estate.
Payout
If you pass away, the payout from the policy can be distributed to the people you’ve listed as beneficiaries. Because it’s not part of your estate there won’t be any tax payable, which could save your beneficiaries as much as 40% of the full amount they expect to receive.
The other effect of the policy being in trust and not part of your estate is that the funds can be released quickly, rather than waiting for probate. This is the legal process of verifying that your will is valid, valuing all your assets, notifying any creditors to whom you owe money, calculating of any tax due and, finally, paying your beneficiaries. The process can take as long as 12 months, but if you put your policy in trust you can avoid all of this.
Advantages and disadvantages of putting life insurance in trust
No financial solution is perfect, and putting a life insurance policy in trust has upsides and downsides.
Advantages of putting your life insurance policy in a trust
The most significant benefits of putting life insurance in trust are these.
Tax planning
40% inheritance tax is payable by beneficiaries who receive money from any estate that’s valued at more than £325,000. If your life insurance policy is part of your estate then its proceeds will be included. By placing your policy in trust you remove it from your estate and no inheritance tax is due on it.
Speed
Since your policy is outside your estate, the insurer can pay your beneficiaries without waiting for the probate process to be completed.
Control
You insure your life to provide financial help to your family after your death but generally they can do whatever they wish with the proceeds. By using a trust you can specify certain purposes you want the money to serve, such as paying school or university fees.
Protecting your beneficiaries
If your policy is in trust it can be protected from creditors so any debts you might leave behind don’t fall to your beneficiaries. You can also make it part of your trustees’ function to make sure the money isn’t frittered away by any of your beneficiaries whose attitude to money might be a little reckless.
Disadvantages of putting your life insurance policy in a trust
It’s important to bear in mind some of the drawbacks of using a trust for your life insurance policy.
Lack of control
A trust allows you to decide how the proceeds of a life policy are used, but it does mean that as soon as you place it in trust you no longer own it. You won’t be able to change its terms or take it back.
Cost and complexity
Setting up a trust will cost money because you’ll need professional advice and help. It also places long-term obligations on your trustees which in some circumstances may attract additional costs.
Choosing the trustees
This is just as important to get right as the trust deed itself. It’s crucial to appoint trustees who are trustworthy, financially responsible and fully prepared for all the duties they’re agreeing to undertake.
Limited access
A trust gives you control over how the proceeds of your policy are spent but the flipside of this is that your beneficiaries may be limited in how they can use the funds.
Disputes
Another consequence of the control you can exercise through the trust is the possibility of dispute between family members if they feel the terms are unfair. There’s nothing they can do about it, but it can cause problems, so you should make sure all the terms are clear and, as far as possible, explained.
Conclusion
There are considerable benefits of putting your life insurance policy in trust but you need to go into it with your eyes open. In theory it’s straightforward but in practice it can throw up unexpected complexities and problems at any time. There’s no substitute for taking sound professional advice from the outset so you’ll appreciate the implications, both positive and negative. If handled properly it can be a very efficient way of providing financial support for your loved ones when you’re no longer around to help them.
FAQs
The price varies with the complexity of the trust, the professional services required and any ongoing administrative costs. Legal fees for setting up a straightforward trust range from £200 to £500, although there are some brokers and insurers who offer a free service. If you use a financial adviser this could add £100-£300 to the bill and if you appoint professionals as your trustees they might charge an annual fee of between 0.5% and 1.5% of the trust’s value.
It’s entirely up to you. The most common beneficiaries are partners and children but settlors often name grandchildren, great-grandchildren, parents, friends and charities.
You need at least two trustees who are 18 or older. You can choose family members, friends or legal professionals but you must be confident that they are trustworthy, reliable and responsible. They should also be young enough to outlive you since it may be many years before the policy pays out.
Yes, this is very common. However, if your trustees have discretionary rights in the management of the policy or the distribution of its proceeds, it could be a good idea to have at least one trustee who is not a beneficiary.
Yes, but it depends on the type of trust.
Absolute or bare trusts are irrevocable and are fixed at the beginning.
Flexible trusts allow you to name existing people as the default beneficiaries as well as potential beneficiaries like future children or grandchildren.
Discretionary trusts have no named, default beneficiaries. You can give your trustees a list of your preferred beneficiaries but ultimately the trustees can decide who will benefit and by how much.
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